Series

Sparse space — the series

3 essays on one idea, from the one that introduces it to the one that assumes the rest.
  1. How many different values a Grundy sequence has used. One curve per octal code: the number of distinct Grundy values among the first n heaps. A periodic game runs out of values and its curve levels off. The codes nobody has settled are still climbing at six thousand heaps.

    The values that keep arriving

    A Grundy sequence that repeats uses finitely many values and stops needing new ones. Six thousand heaps into ·007 the count of distinct values is 187 and still climbing, and the share of heaps carrying something outside the twenty-two commonest rises from 32% in the first thousand to 85% in the sixth. The rare values a periodicity argument needs to thin out are getting commoner.

    part 1 · impartial
  2. A rare class that thins. The number of heaps of ·354 with an odd Grundy value in each block of two thousand, through twenty thousand heaps: 288, 22, 3, 1, 0, 0, 0, 4, 1, 2. The odd values fall away after the first block and keep turning up rarely to the end.

    A rare class exclusive-or respects

    The rare values of ·007 were measured by rank — everything outside the twenty-two commonest — and found getting commoner. A sparse-space argument needs a different split: a rare class closed under nothing and a common class closed under exclusive-or, which is to say a parity of bits. Over every parity of every bit, ·007 and ·6 have no class that thins. Across the 79 growing octal codes of up to three digits, one does: ·354, whose odd values fall from 288 in its first two thousand heaps to seven in its last ten thousand.

    part 2 · impartial
  3. The odd values do not stop. The odd Grundy values of the octal game ·354 counted in blocks of ten thousand heaps to 100,000. The first block holds 314; every later block holds between three and eleven, and the last odd value in range is at heap 99,600.

    The odd values keep coming

    ·354 is the one growing octal code of up to three digits whose values have a class that thins: 288 odd values in the first two thousand heaps, seven between ten and twenty thousand, the last of those at 18,908. A sparse-space argument needs that class to stop. Taken to a hundred thousand heaps it does not: 48 more odd values arrive after twenty thousand, every block of ten thousand holds some, and the last in range is at 99,600. They keep no schedule a remainder can see, their gaps are spread like arrivals, and most of them are one number, 37 — each one a heap where every split that could have reached 37 misses it.

    part 3 · impartial

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