The genus of Kayles ·77, heap by heap
One row per heap: the genus symbol, the misère outcome it implies, and whether the symbol is one a Nim heap has. A game all of whose positions are tame is played in a misère sum exactly as Nim is; a single wild heap ends that, and the normal-play Grundy value gives no warning of which heaps those will be.
7 essays call
genus-table. The drawing above is what it returns with no arguments at all; every
call below passes it something, because a placement that passes nothing draws whichever
member of the family the generator happens to default to rather than the one its essay argues
about.
The positions it draws
72 distinct positions, harvested by running this generator again at the options each essay passed it.
| Position | Worth | Outcome | Drawn in |
|---|---|---|---|
Dawson's chess ·137, a heap of 1 |
genus 1^031 |
P | Tame and wild · The genus of a sum · What a tame heap may be replaced by |
Dawson's chess ·137, a heap of 10 |
genus 3^31 |
N | Tame and wild |
Dawson's chess ·137, a heap of 11 |
genus 2^0520 |
P | Tame and wild |
Dawson's chess ·137, a heap of 12 |
genus 2^20 |
N | Tame and wild |
Dawson's chess ·137, a heap of 13 |
genus 4^146 |
N | Tame and wild |
Dawson's chess ·137, a heap of 14 |
genus 0^120 |
N | Tame and wild |
Dawson's chess ·137, a heap of 2 |
genus 1^031 |
P | Tame and wild · The genus of a sum · What a tame heap may be replaced by |
Dawson's chess ·137, a heap of 3 |
genus 2^20 |
N | Tame and wild · The genus of a sum · What a tame heap may be replaced by |
Dawson's chess ·137, a heap of 4 |
genus 0^120 |
N | Tame and wild · The genus of a sum · What a tame heap may be replaced by |
Dawson's chess ·137, a heap of 5 |
genus 3^31 |
N | Tame and wild · The genus of a sum |
Dawson's chess ·137, a heap of 6 |
genus 1^031 |
P | Tame and wild · The genus of a sum |
Dawson's chess ·137, a heap of 7 |
genus 1^031 |
P | Tame and wild · The genus of a sum |
Dawson's chess ·137, a heap of 8 |
genus 0^120 |
N | Tame and wild · The genus of a sum |
Dawson's chess ·137, a heap of 9 |
genus 3^1431 |
N | Tame and wild · The genus of a sum |
Kayles ·77, a heap of 1 |
genus 1^031 |
P | A function with no formula · Closing the wild side · Tame and wild · The genus of a sum · The rule the symbols follow · What a tame heap may be replaced by |
Kayles ·77, a heap of 10 |
genus 2^20 |
N | Closing the wild side · Tame and wild · The genus of a sum |
Kayles ·77, a heap of 11 |
genus 6^46 |
N | Closing the wild side · Tame and wild · The genus of a sum |
Kayles ·77, a heap of 12 |
genus 4^046 |
P | Closing the wild side · Tame and wild · The genus of a sum |
Kayles ·77, a heap of 13 |
genus 1^13 |
N | Tame and wild |
Kayles ·77, a heap of 14 |
genus 2^20 |
N | Tame and wild |
Kayles ·77, a heap of 2 |
genus 2^20 |
N | A function with no formula · Closing the wild side · Tame and wild · The genus of a sum · The rule the symbols follow · What a tame heap may be replaced by |
Kayles ·77, a heap of 3 |
genus 3^31 |
N | A function with no formula · Closing the wild side · Tame and wild · The genus of a sum · The rule the symbols follow · What a tame heap may be replaced by |
Kayles ·77, a heap of 4 |
genus 1^031 |
P | A function with no formula · Closing the wild side · Tame and wild · The genus of a sum · The rule the symbols follow · What a tame heap may be replaced by |
Kayles ·77, a heap of 5 |
genus 4^146 |
N | A function with no formula · Closing the wild side · Tame and wild · The genus of a sum · The rule the symbols follow · What a tame heap may be replaced by |
Kayles ·77, a heap of 6 |
genus 3^31 |
N | A function with no formula · Closing the wild side · Tame and wild · The genus of a sum · The rule the symbols follow · What a tame heap may be replaced by |
Kayles ·77, a heap of 7 |
genus 2^20 |
N | A function with no formula · Closing the wild side · Tame and wild · The genus of a sum · The rule the symbols follow · What a tame heap may be replaced by |
Kayles ·77, a heap of 8 |
genus 1^13 |
N | A function with no formula · Closing the wild side · Tame and wild · The genus of a sum · The rule the symbols follow · What a tame heap may be replaced by |
Kayles ·77, a heap of 9 |
genus 4^046 |
P | A function with no formula · Closing the wild side · Tame and wild · The genus of a sum |
Nim, a heap of 1 |
genus 1^031 |
P | Tame and wild · The genus of a sum · The rule the symbols follow |
Nim, a heap of 2 |
genus 2^20 |
N | Tame and wild · The genus of a sum · The rule the symbols follow |
Nim, a heap of 3 |
genus 3^31 |
N | Tame and wild · The genus of a sum · The rule the symbols follow |
Nim, a heap of 4 |
genus 4^46 |
N | Tame and wild · The genus of a sum · The rule the symbols follow |
Nim, a heap of 5 |
genus 5^57 |
N | Tame and wild · The genus of a sum · The rule the symbols follow |
Nim, a heap of 6 |
genus 6^64 |
N | Tame and wild · The genus of a sum · The rule the symbols follow |
Nim, a heap of 7 |
genus 7^75 |
N | Tame and wild · The genus of a sum · The rule the symbols follow |
Nim, a heap of 8 |
genus 8^8·10 |
N | The genus of a sum |
Nim, a heap of 9 |
genus 9^9·11 |
N | The genus of a sum |
the octal game ·007, a heap of 1 |
genus 0^120 |
N | The genus of a sum |
the octal game ·007, a heap of 2 |
genus 0^120 |
N | The genus of a sum |
the octal game ·007, a heap of 3 |
genus 1^031 |
P | The genus of a sum |
the octal game ·007, a heap of 4 |
genus 1^031 |
P | The genus of a sum |
the octal game ·007, a heap of 5 |
genus 1^031 |
P | The genus of a sum |
the octal game ·007, a heap of 6 |
genus 2^20 |
N | The genus of a sum |
the octal game ·007, a heap of 7 |
genus 2^20 |
N | The genus of a sum |
the octal game ·007, a heap of 8 |
genus 0^120 |
N | The genus of a sum |
the octal game ·007, a heap of 9 |
genus 3^31 |
N | The genus of a sum |
the octal game ·6, a heap of 1 |
genus 0^120 |
N | Tame and wild · What a tame heap may be replaced by |
the octal game ·6, a heap of 10 |
genus 3^1431 |
N | Tame and wild |
the octal game ·6, a heap of 11 |
genus 4^0564 |
P | Tame and wild |
the octal game ·6, a heap of 12 |
genus 0^20 |
N | Tame and wild |
the octal game ·6, a heap of 13 |
genus 3^1431 |
N | Tame and wild |
the octal game ·6, a heap of 14 |
genus 4^0564 |
P | Tame and wild |
the octal game ·6, a heap of 2 |
genus 1^031 |
P | Tame and wild · What a tame heap may be replaced by |
the octal game ·6, a heap of 3 |
genus 2^20 |
N | Tame and wild · What a tame heap may be replaced by |
the octal game ·6, a heap of 4 |
genus 0^120 |
N | Tame and wild · What a tame heap may be replaced by |
the octal game ·6, a heap of 5 |
genus 1^031 |
P | Tame and wild |
the octal game ·6, a heap of 6 |
genus 2^20 |
N | Tame and wild |
the octal game ·6, a heap of 7 |
genus 3^1431 |
N | Tame and wild |
the octal game ·6, a heap of 8 |
genus 1^031 |
P | Tame and wild |
the octal game ·6, a heap of 9 |
genus 2^20 |
N | Tame and wild |
the subtraction game {1, 2}, a heap of 1 |
genus 1^031 |
P | Tame and wild · What a tame heap may be replaced by |
the subtraction game {1, 2}, a heap of 10 |
genus 1^031 |
P | Tame and wild |
the subtraction game {1, 2}, a heap of 11 |
genus 2^20 |
N | Tame and wild |
the subtraction game {1, 2}, a heap of 12 |
genus 0^120 |
N | Tame and wild |
the subtraction game {1, 2}, a heap of 2 |
genus 2^20 |
N | Tame and wild · What a tame heap may be replaced by |
the subtraction game {1, 2}, a heap of 3 |
genus 0^120 |
N | Tame and wild · What a tame heap may be replaced by |
the subtraction game {1, 2}, a heap of 4 |
genus 1^031 |
P | Tame and wild · What a tame heap may be replaced by |
the subtraction game {1, 2}, a heap of 5 |
genus 2^20 |
N | Tame and wild |
the subtraction game {1, 2}, a heap of 6 |
genus 0^120 |
N | Tame and wild |
the subtraction game {1, 2}, a heap of 7 |
genus 1^031 |
P | Tame and wild |
the subtraction game {1, 2}, a heap of 8 |
genus 2^20 |
N | Tame and wild |
the subtraction game {1, 2}, a heap of 9 |
genus 0^120 |
N | Tame and wild |
Where it is called
Changing this generator changes every one of these figures.
Tame and wild
The genus is a Grundy value with a tail — the misère values of the position with 0, 1, 2, … heaps of ∗2 added — and a game is tame when its symbols are the ones Nim heaps have. Computed here for seven games over heaps 1 to 14: Kayles goes wild at heap 5, Dawson's chess at heap 9, the octal game ·6 at heap 7, and heaps 3 and 11 of Dawson's chess are both worth ∗2 under normal play with only one of them tame.
What a tame heap may be replaced by
Calling a heap tame is only worth anything because a tame heap can be swapped for a Nim position with the same genus in any misère sum. The swap is not always a single heap: Kayles' heap of eight is worth ∗ under normal play and carries the genus of 2 + 3, and substituting ∗ instead gets three of the twenty-eight Kayles pairs wrong.
The genus of a sum
A genus symbol is meant to be carried one per heap, so that a solver never has to look at the heap again. That is a claim that the pair of symbols determines the sum's, and across nine games and 405 pairs it holds without exception — while the bases alone determine it in only 38 of 50 cases and the superscripts alone in 70 of 74. Both halves of the symbol are load-bearing, and two wild heaps can add to a tame sum.
The rule the symbols follow
Two genus symbols make a third by three lines and no lookup table: the base exclusive-ors, the sum is fickle only when every component is, and the symbol follows. Checked on 252 pairs across nine games it is right on 238 — and the fourteen failures are exactly the fourteen pairs with a wild heap in them, which is the boundary the genus is defined up to arriving as a measurement.
A function with no formula
The rung below's composition rule is exact on tame pairs and wrong on all fourteen wild ones, which looked like an exact boundary. Two heaps further it is wrong on 34 of 35 and right on one — Kayles' five and nine — so the boundary was a boundary of the pool. What survives is stronger and stranger: the pair of symbols still determines the sum on the wild side, and no rule of that shape describes it.
The wild side does not close
The rung below asked for the wild composition table and for two things about it: whether the wild genus symbols form a small closed set, and whether that set is a misère quotient in disguise. Building the table needed a wider sweep — nine counters a heap gives a diagonal rather than a table — and both answers are no. Not one of the twelve entries is a symbol any wild heap carries, and two wild heaps added together are tame two thirds of the time.
Closing the wild side
The twenty-two wild genus symbols are not closed under addition, and the rung below offered two answers: a monoid nobody had guessed, or no algebra at any size. Neither. Five of the six games with wild heaps close at three or four heaps, with closures of two to five symbols, and the sixth is still growing.
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